Not my favorite post of the year -- seems a little dull. (sorry!) But there's just not a lot of videos to be found without evolution in them! And very few that are really informative that have anything to do w/ this module. Also, it's a pretty basic module I think. The second half of Biology is definitely easier than the first! Yay! =D
(1) p. 495-498a, Class Reptilia
Reptiles and Amphibians, Part 1
Reptiles are ectothermic because they are cold-blooded. They must warm themselves from the outside (by the sun, usually). Ecto- means outer, thermic means heat.
(2) p. 499, Order Rhynchocephalia
A tuatara with its "third eye" atop its head.
(3) p. 499c-503,Order Squamata
Squamates - lizards and snakes
(4) p. 503-504a, Order Testudines
Learn the differences between turtles and tortoises.
(5) p. 504, Order Crocodilia
► Crocodiles vs. Alligators. What is the difference? Crocodiles: V-shaped snout, thinner than an alligators, most/all teeth show when mouth is closed. Alligators: U-shaped snout, thicker than a crocodiles, only front teeth show when mouth is closed.
►More about alligators at Answers in Genesis
(6) p. 505-507, Dinosaurs
► More about dinosaurs at Answers in Genesis (FF up to 1:45)
(7) p. 507-509, Class Aves (AY-vees)
Think of aviation to help you remember how to pronounce aves. =)
How wings work:
Bird Flight animation
►Usually in the spring at Norfolk Botanical Gardens, there is a live web feed of Eagles and Eaglets. Watch a couple of videos and read more at Sahm-I-Am.
►Not for the faint of heart -- Atlas of Avian diseases; study bird embryos.
Experiment 16.1, Bird Embryology
(8) p. 520-526, Class Mammalia
"What separates us from the rest of the mammals...?"
We are made in the image of God! =)
(1) p. 463-465, How a Plant Depends on Water
If you don't remember the terms photosynthesis, turgor pressure, hydrolysis, or transport, review them now by looking in the index in your textbook to see on what page they are mentioned.
Note what module they are in if you need to review videos from that module.
Stimulus: something causing a response.
Nastic Movement vs. Tropism
►Nastic movement is a preprogrammed response, and any direction of movement is independent of the direction from which the stimulus comes. No matter from which direction the light comes, the plant's response is the same each morning -- opening of leaves and petals. Or if a plant's leaves close when you touch them, it does not matter which direction the touch is from. The plant is preprogrammed to this action.
Nastic movement is not a growth response.
It does not grow in a direction as a result of a stimulus.
►Tropismsdepend on the direction of the stimulus, and therefore, can change. Tropisms can be a growth response or a movement response. •Growth of a plant toward sunlight is phototropism. The sunlight is the stimulus. • Heliotropism is when plants bend toward the sun as it moves across the sky. This is a movement response that is a tropic response since it depends on the direction of the stimulus.
--These are tropisms if the plant moves or grows toward the light, rather than just opening its leaves as in nastic movement. • Thigmotropism is a growth response to touch, like a vine touching a branch will grow around the branch. The direction of growth depends on the direction of the branch. The branch is the stimulus.
Tropisms are growth or movement responses, but both depend on the direction of the stimulus. • Gravitropism (also called geotropism)works in two ways. Roots grow down, and shoots grow up. The shoots growing up is not simply a result of phototropism, because they will grow up even in the dark. The seeds that germinate and sprout upwards while still covered with soil are proof of this. This is called negative gravitropism, since they grow in the opposite direction of gravity. Roots growing down is positive gravitropism. • Hydrotropism is growth toward water. This would most likely be roots growing toward water.
Examples of nastic movement (not a growth response like a tropism can be) Nastic movement because it does not matter from which direction the bug comes. This is a preprogrammed response to happen when the hairs are touched.
More nastic movement Nastic movement because it does not matter from which direction the leaves are touched. This is a preprogrammed response to happen when touched.
Nastic movement of a Moon Flower, also called an Evening Primrose
It opens near dusk and it takes about 30 to 60 seconds for one to open. About 10 to 20 open each night on a plant and they all fade by noon the next day.
♦ This is in real time, not a time lapse. Nastic movement because there is nothing in any direction that prompts this behavior. This is a preprogrammed response for this to happen at night.
LOL, dh asked about pollination, and I told him they're open until noon the next day.
He laughed and said they only serve breakfast. =)
►More nastic movment videos at Plants-in-Motion. Click on the side titles.
(2) p. 465-466, Water Absorption in Plants
Clay, Silt, or Sand
She says equal parts of each, but for a good loam, Sand and Silt should actually be 40% each, and Clay less than 20%.
How to test your own soil
Now that you know what is a good loam, and maybe what your own soil's content is, how much you should water your garden?
(3) p. 466-469, Water Transport in Plants Transpiration - water up the xylem and out the leaf. Translocation - sugars down the phloem. (great video!)
Water's cohesion
Adhesion and cohesion
(4) p. 469-471, Plant Growth
Hormones in plants
Remember the difference between nastic movement and tropisms? Tropisms can be a movement OR a growth response. Phototropism, and a little about gravitropism These are growth responses as a result of the direction of the stimulus - the sun, or gravity.
Phototropism and Heliotropism
Watch these bush beans as they grow toward the sun. (phototropism)
Then watch as shadows move over them - they ALL lean toward the sun. (heliotropism)
(Video was shot over a 24 hour period.) Growth and Movement response is a result of the direction of the stimulus - the sun.
Thigmotropism- response to touch (what the plant touches, not what touches the plant - like a human or animal) Growth response as a result of the direction of the stimulus - the pole. The vine would not grow this direction if it were not for the pole. LOL at the spider that comes down at 0:12 =D
►More tropism videos at Plants-in-Motion. Click on the side titles.
You will see that there is a video for Sunflower phototropism, as well as one for Sunflower solar tracking, also called heliotropism. (Read the info on each video.)
(5) p. 473-475, Reproduction in Plants: Vegetative Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
(6) 475b-478, Sexual Reproduction in Phylum Anthophyta (flowers)
(7), p. 480-484, The Reproductive Process in Anthophytes, Part 1: Forming Pollen and Embryo Sacs; Part 2: Pollination; Part 3: Fertilization
(8) p. 485-488, Seeds and Fruits
This is a chart I made to see at a glance the classification of fruits.
These are the ones used in your Biology book.
(9) p. 489-190, Germination and Early Growth Beans -- dicotyledons
"Epigeal germination
"Filmed underground to show the roots growing, the hypocotyl grows and pulls the cotyledons up through the soil and above ground. The protective skin called the testa remains underground.
"The cotyledons feed the plant until its strong enough to support itself. When spent [used up], the cotyledons can drop off.
"9-12 minute interval between exposures. This sequence was filmed over a period of about 4 weeks."
--from Neil Bromhall The cotyledons (the 2 halves of the bean) stay on the stem for a bit as it grows, and are food for the plant until photosynthesis in the leaf can begin.
Peas -- dicotyledons
"Hypogeal germination
"In this type of germination, the cotyledons remain in the soil or just above the surface. Here the epicotyl elongates, pushing the plumule upwards. Cotyledons do not turn green and gradually dry up. e.g. pea, mango, groundnut, etc.
"The underground sequence was filmed over a period of a week with an 8 minute interval."
--from Neil Bromhall
Several videos from this post have been deleted from youtube. I will try to find replacements as we go through Biology again this fall. I am just so busy that I will not able to do it any earlier. It can be difficult to keep all posts updated at all times, but I sure do wish I could! I am sorry for any inconvenience, but if you find any suitable replacements, please do email me! Thank you!
(1) p. 429-430,Basic Plant Anatomy
Perennials aren't perennials everywhere.
Four basic types of plant tissue: 1. ground tissue - the most common tissue in plants 2. dermal tissue (like epidermis - your skin) 3. vascular tissue - a "bundle" that contains the xylem and phloem (like veins)
♦The vascular tissue (contains xylem and phloem) can appear differently, depending on if the plant is a dicot or a monocot. 4. meristematic tissue contains cells that have not specialized in any particular function.
(See this image with 3 of the 4 tissues)
Xylem and Phloem (zy' lum, flow' um)
♦Xylem and phloem tubes are together in a vein, or a vascular bundle.
If you look at the bottom of a stalk of celery, you will see these. They look like strings, and both xylem and phloem are bundled together, like wires through a power cord.
(See bundles of xylem and phloem, and ground tissue in celery)
♦ The xylem transports water and minerals UP the roots to the leaves where the chlorophyll is located, in order to make food for the plant. Xylem is dead tissue.
♦ The phloem transports food (sugars) back DOWN the leaves, then to all the rest of the parts of the plant.
The xylem and phloem are in vascular bundles in both dicot and monocot plants. The words dicotyledon and monocotyledon tell how many cotyledons the plants have. A cotyledon is the part of the seed that contains "starter food" for the plant. A seed with two cotyledons (like a bean) can be split into two pieces.
(Images of a dicot and a monocot seed)
►In this video about xylem and phloem, he talks about the vascular cambium that divides the phloem and the xylem. So he is talking about a dicot (or dicotyledon).
[Video has been deleted from youtube.]
(2) p. 431-435, The Macroscopic Structure of a Leaf
Monocots (monocotyledons)
Dicots (Dicotyledons) have woody stems. Trees have woody stems.
►A great site that classifies leaves. (Also read the paragraph about bark)
• Scroll down and see what kinds of fruits there are, including nuts. • These are important to think about when classifying leaves in class.
(3) p. 435-436, Experiment 14.1, Leaf Collection and Observation
Do the experiment as written, but here are two sites to help with tree identification.
► Keys to Leaves of Virginia, (4H) I've got my leaf; let's get started!
► Auburn University Horticulture Dept, Plant Identification Resource
(4) p. 436-438, The Microscopic Structure of a Leaf
The microscopic structure is what you cannot see with the naked eye.
►Click here and see a drawing of guard cells. More images.
•The stomata (singular - stoma) are openings that allow carbon dioxide to enter the plant and oxygen to exit the plant, as well as the release of water vapor.
•A pair of guard cells open and close the stoma to control this process. They open or close depending on if the vacuoles are full of water or not. (Remember from p. 169 that turgor pressure from being full of water helps keep a plant rigid. The same applies to guard cells.)
Stomata are usually open during the day during photosynthesis, and closed at night. Sometimes stomata close during the day if it is too hot and the plant starts losing too much moisture. At these times, photosynthesis ceases.
Transpiration - how water and minerals are transported up the xylem (which is dead tissue).
Parenchyma = all the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
Also calledpalisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. See the two images here -- one calls it mesophyll; one calls it parenchyma.
"Collenchyma is made up of thick-walled cells that support the vein. Towards the end of the leaf, the veins get so small that there is no collenchyma anymore." -Apologia Biology, p. 438
• Dermal tissue (like epidermis - skin), Vascular tissue (like veins), Ground tissue (everything else)
• Perenchyma (palisade and spongy layers) and collenchyma (think of a stalk of celery, but in leaves, much smaller, and thins out to nothing toward the end of the leaf)
[Video has been deleted from youtube.]
Cytoplasmic Streaming is the movement of the cell's cytoplasm, transporting things such as nutrients, proteins, etc. (remember, cyto means cell) "The chloroplasts in cells are constantly moving due to cytoplasmic streaming." -Apologia Biology, p. 437
(5) p. 438-442, Leaf Color
You probably know that leaves look green because of chlorophyll. (If you're in my science class, you better know!) =D But you may not know that the chlorophyll masks other colors that are present in the leaf, so the leaf appears green.
In the fall when the leaves turn, you see these other colors. But some leaves are never completely green. They may appear more white than green, or purple, and some have a little pink, especially along the veins.
♦ If the leaf has an abscission layer, in the fall when there is less sunlight hours in the day, the cells in this layer start blocking the xylem and phloem. Read more on p. 441. =)
I'm sure you can figure out that "evergreens" do not have an abscission layer.
►For Experiment 14.2, read and watch the video of Purple, Green, Pink, and Back at Applie's Place.
►I opted not to do this experiment. I'll just discuss it during class since we have already done some color changing using red/purple cabbage juice while studying Ph levels in Module 5.
• See our videos of Ph level testing. Scroll down.
(6) p. 442-445, Roots
Ignore the part about roots being "adapted" to their environment. God knew what he was doing to begin with, and it does not need to adapt. If this were true, then my plants would not die when I plant them in the wrong place where there is not enough or too much sun, water, etc. This is also why my daughters take care of the plants around the house instead of me. Plants just don't adapt to the conditions I put them in, lol. =D Roots, xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, dicots, monocots, etc.
(7) p. 446-449, Stems The words dicotyledon and monocotyledon tell how many cotyledons the plants have. A cotyledon is the part of the seed that contains "starter food" for the plant.
Comparison of monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots).
(8) p. 449-451, Experiment 14.3, Cross Sections of Roots, Stems, and a Leaf Do not do this experiment unless you have read and done all the On Your Own questions up through this section. If you have not watched all the videos, please do that now.
Corn is a monocot. Monocotyledon means there is one cotyledon. Buttercups are dicots. Dicotyledon means there are two cotyledons.
A seed with two cotyledons (like a bean) can be split into two pieces.
►My class,follow directions on handout, and use these links. Most all the small pictures will enlarge when clicked. A. Cross section of leaf B. Lateral cross section of a buttercup root (Ranunculus) (top three pictures) C. Lateral cross section of a corn root (Zea mays)
►A link for both corn root ↑and↓ corn stem, root on the left, stem on the right. Note the difference. D. Lateral cross section of a corn stem (Zea mays) These look to me like skeletons. The textbook called them monkey faces, and the person who posted these pictures called them creepy or angry. lol. The herbaceous stems of monocots appear this way because of the placement of xylem and phloem within the fibrovascular bundle. E. Lateral cross section of a buttercup stem (Ranunculus) (a little over halfway down on the right)
►Also, you can see Julie's post. She has a very good microscope, and a steady hand.
Her pictures are in the same order that I have them listed above, and in the book: Leaf, Ranunculus root, Zea Mays root, Zea Mays stem, Ranunculus stem.
(9) p. 452-454,The Bryophytes (nonvascular plants - no xylem and phloem)
These plants cannot grow very tall. They do not have xylem and phloem to transport water and minerals, etc, to all parts of the plant.
One such plant is moss. Moss has leafy shoots and rhizoids. (Remember rhizoids from Module 4? There are a few other words in this module that were also mentioned in M4. Might be worth a quick review.)
►The life cycle of mosses is called alternation of generations.
This means there is both a haploid form and a diploid form. (You can review these terms in Module 7) 1) During the gametophyte generation is when moss is in its haploid form, in which sperm and eggs are made through mitosis. This is the form with which we are more familiar. 2) "When fertilization takes place, the result is a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte generation." -Apologia Biology, p. 453 "Then they form leafy shoots again, which are part of the gametophyte generation."
"The generations alternate between haploid and diploid."
"Since the leafy shoot is what we typically see when we examine mosses, we say that the gametophyte is the dominant generation. -Apologia Biology, p. 454 Life Cycle of Mosses - alteration of generations.
(10) p. 455-456, Seedless Vascular Plants
Plants with vascular tissues can grow to be quite large. Sequoia trees in California can grow to be really large!
Some vascular plants are seedless.
The members of the phylum Pterophyta are called ferns. Ferns can grow from the ground, or attach themselves to a tree, or even grow so large that they look like a tree!
Like mosses, ferns have an alteration of generations lifestyle.
(11) p. 457-458, Seed-Making Plants Phylum Coniferophyta
Reproduction of a conifer (cone-bearing trees)
Members of Phylum Chordata have a vertebrae. That is, some kind of vertebrae. Some have a notochord, which is a tough, flexible material. In fact, ALL members of this phylum have a notochord at some time in their existence. Some will harden into a vertebrae, like humans. =)
This difference is the first level of classification for this phylum.
Note: Dissections are not only to learn about the parts and organs different animals, but to prepare the student for learning about human anatomy. Since I know at least some of my students will not take the advanced biology, The Human Body, I have included a few things that pertain more to humans than the organism being discussed. Also, I could not find a video about the circulatory system of a fish. =D
Here's a review of a few terms if you are still not quite familiar with them.
Dorsal - referring to the back, or it might seem to be the top if the animal is not upright like a human, but it is its back. Like a dorsal fin on the back of a fish.
Ventral - referring to the front, or belly-side of an organism.
Anterior - in front of, or the end that contains an organism's head.
Posterior - in back of, or the end that contains an organism's tail.
A shark has an anterior dorsal fin and a posterior dorsal fin. This indicates which is in front of the other; they are both on its back.
Something can also be "anterior to" another body part, meaning it is in front of it, and "posterior to" another body part would mean it is in back of it.
Don't let these big words scare ya!
► Phylum Chordata (core DOT uh)
♦ Subphylum Urochordata (YER uh core DOT uh) You're a core dotta, haha. The members of this subphylum only have a notochord for the first part of their lives, during the larval stage.
♦ Subphylum Cephalochordata (SEF uh low core DOT uh). This subphylum has organisms that will have a notochord all their lives.
♦ Subphylum Vertabrata - The notochords of this subphylum harden into a backbone before they are hatched or born.
Which one are we? Hint: We don't have a larval stage. =)
(1) p. 393-394,Subphylum Urochordata
Sea Squirt
(2) p. 395, Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelet
(3) p. 396-398, Subphylum Vertebrata; The Endoskeleton Spongy bone, as it is called in your text, is also called cancellous bone.
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, periosteum Osteo/osteum refers to bone. Cytes refers to cells. Peri refers to surrounding something, like the word "perimeter."
Osteoblasts are the bone cells that help build new bone matrix.
Osteoclasts are the bone cells that break down old bone so that new bone can be formed, often for growth or remodeling.
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are surrounded by the bone matrix.
Periosteum is a tough thin membrane that makes up the outer layer of bone. It is filled with nerves and blood cells that supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the bone, and when you break a bone, the periosteum feels pain.
(4) p. 399, The Circulatory System
A closed circulatory system is one where the blood is enclosed in blood vessels.
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries of humans
(5) p. 400-401, The Nervous System The lobes of a human brain.
The cerebrum consists of the majority of the brain, made of different lobes.
The other part is the cerebellum.
Brain and spinal cord.
The spinal cord is the bundle of nerves that extend from the brain and make up the central nervous system. The spinal cord is protected since it runs down the center of the vertebral column.
Spinal cord and nerves.
The spinal cord is enclosed by the vertebrae. Arteries, veins, and nerves branch out from the spinal cord.
The cartilage between each vertebra is for cushioning and also allows you to tie your shoes! =)
See how the nerves come from your spinal cord to your whole body.
(6) p. 401-402, Reproduction Oviparous (development in an egg, hatched outside the female's body) Ovoviviparous (development in an egg, hatched inside the female's body) Viviparous (development inside the female, gains nutrients, etc. though the placenta)
(7) p. 403-404, Class Agnatha (jawless fish) Lol, Agnatha talked so much, her jaw deteriorated.
Lamprey
(8) p. 409-413, Class Osteichthyes(bony fish)
Remember, osteo refers to bone. Ichthyes means fish.
Circulatory system of humans
Bronchial tubes end in bronchioles, which end in alveoli, which are air sacs where the oxygen exchange takes place. (It kind of looks like broccoli trees.)
If someone has asthma, because of the swelling of the bronchial tubes he is only able to take shallow breaths. He will not be able to "exchange oxygen" sufficiently because the oxygen he is trying to breathe in would not get all the way to the aveoli where the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
It feels like closing your nose and breathing with your mouth through a thin straw while something is constricting your chest and lungs.
How your lungs put oxygen back into oxygen-depleted blood.
(10) p. 419-422, Class Amphibia Amphi means both sides; bio means life. Anphibia means dual life.
(11), p. 422, Frog Dissection
►Awesome virtual frog dissection. Wish I could find something this good for all the dissections. =)
At the top right, click on Demo.
You will be told different buttons to click on. As you hover over the buttons, the name of that button appears at the bottom of the screen. Body parts will do the same thing, so you'll know if you are on the right part.
Arthropods! What are they??? Watch the first couple of videos to find out. There are so many varieties that some don't even seem to fit in the same phylum.
►In this post, there are several videos that did not have an embed code, so I just posted the link.
Here's a review of a few terms if you are still not quite familiar with them.
Dorsal - referring to the back, or it might seem to be the top if the animal is not upright like a human, but it is its back. Like a dorsal fin on the back of a fish.
Ventral - referring to the front, or belly-side of an organism.
Anterior - in front of, or the end that contains an organism's head.
Posterior - in back of, or the end that contains an organism's tail.
A shark has an anterior dorsal fin and a posterior dorsal fin. This indicates which is in front of the other; they are both on its back.
Something can also be "anterior to" another body part, meaning it is in front of it, and "posterior to" another body part would mean it is in back of it.
Remember the order of the biological classification:
In this module, you will study phylum Arthropoda as well as a few classes and orders within this phylum.
(1) p. 361-364, General Characteristics of Arthropods
There is not a video that goes over the 5 characteristics, but here is what I could find.
(2) p. 365-371, Class Crustacea: The Crayfish
Growing up, I always called these things crawdads. =)
A crayfish swimming, trying to catch food.
►Learn the parts of a crayfish by studying the names of the parts on p. 365.
►Then with your book open to page 365, look in your book as the highlighted parts in this video are named. Then go back and watch the video again and see if you can name the highlighted part before the words appear on the screen. The cephalothorax is called the thorax in this video. Actually, the head and thorax together make a cephalothorax.
Around 2:10, the parts named are the ones labeled on p. 373 in the dissection. Look there for comparing to the video.
Barnacles "sweeping" the water to gather any plankton floating about.
(4) p. 373-375, Crayfish Dissection
►Draw and label Figures 12.2 (p. 365) and 12.4 (p. 368)
►At this website, click on each picture to enlarge and compare the labeled parts on the website to the labeled parts in the pictures in your Biology textbook on pages 365, 367, and 368.
Take your time in doing this.
• If you'd like to watch a dissection, here is the External Anatomy and the Internal Anatomy.
• Also see the class dissecting crayfish at Applie's Place.
(5) p. 376-379, Class Arachnida (Spiders!)
Again, there are no videos that deal w/ the 5 characteristics of arachnids, one of which is that they have a cephalothorax instead of a separate head and thorax like insects. So spiders only have two body parts while insects have three. Insects and spiders both have an abdomen.
Trapdoor Spider
How do Trapdoor Spiders know when prey is near???
(6) p. 380, Classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda
Giant Centipede (has 1 set of legs on each body segment)
► Watch this Millipede (has 2 sets of legs on each body segment)
(7) p. 381-385, Class Insecta
Grasshoppers breathe through spiracles, tiny holes along the abdomen. There is one on each section. In this video, they look like little dark dots.
In this module, we're learning about some of the animals without a backbone. We've got another module about invertebrates, but this module covers some of the more squishy ones. Some are not quite so squishy as others, and some have protective shells or other protection.
Invertebrates - animals that lack a backbone
Vertebrates - animals that possess a backbone
• Worms, jellyfish, and snails are invertebrates.
• Insects are invertebrates. They have no backbone, but have an exoskeleton (a skeleton on their exterior).
• Crawdads (crayfish), lobsters, and shrimp are invertebrates and are classified as crustaceans. They're kinda crusty. =)
In the kingdom Animalia, there are way more invertebrates than there are vertebrates. In fact, all the phyla in kingdom Animalia except one are invertebrates! That's quite a few!
In this module, we learn about a few of the lesser-known invertebrates and a few you will recognize.
(1) p. 329-331, Symmetry
First let's learn a little about symmetry. If something is symmetrical, it is usually thought of as being the same on both sides. There is actually more than one type of symmetry.
Spherical symmetry is when an organism can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through its center. A ball has spherical symmetry. That's easy, right?
Radial symmetry is when an organism can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center. This might be from the top, any cut. Like an oatmeal box can be cut from the top by any cut running straight down through the center.
Bilateral symmetry is when an organism can be cut into two identical halves by a singlelongitudinal cut (only one option, not "any longitudinal cut" as in radial symmetry) along its center which divides it into right and left halves.
If you think about the names of these types of symmetry, you can easily see why they are named this way.
A lot of things have bilateral symmetry. You can probably look around and see a few things right off. YOU even have bilateral symmetry. Probably not exactly, as the two sides of everyone's faces are not an exact replica. So these symmetry distinctions are not perfect. Your internal organs are not the same on both sides of your body, either.
Notice the terms on the crayfish above:
Dorsal - referring to the back, or it might seem to be the top if the animal is not upright like a human, but it is its back. Like a dorsal fin on the back of a fish.
Ventral - referring to the front, or belly-side of an organism.
Anterior - in front of, or the end that contains an organism's head.
Posterior - in back of, or the end that contains an organism's tail.
A shark has an anterior dorsal fin and a posterior dorsal fin. This indicates which is in front of the other; they are both on its back.
Something can also be "anterior to" another body part, meaning it is in front of it, and "posterior to" another body part would mean it is in back of it.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (2) p. 332-335a, Phylum Porifera: The Sponges
Did you know that sponges are animals? Really!
They are not plants. They can't think; they have no internal organs, no blood, no eyes or ears, but they can reproduce, digest food, and protect themselves.
If you have a sponge from the ocean, it is no longer living. It would need to stay in the ocean in its environment to be able to eat and stay alive. How a sponge eats:
(3) p. 335-341, Phylum Cnidaria There are 2 Multi-media Companion CD videos to watch for this section.
Members of this phylum have two basic forms, polyp and medusa.
In the polyp form, the cnidarian (nih dahr' ee un) is tubelike with a mouth and tentacles at one end, and a basal disk at the other. A basal disk just means it is circular at the base, often used for attaching itself to something, and there is no opening. Like a stalk of celery.
In the medusa form, it is free-swimming, with a bell-shaped body and tentacles. (You may have heard of Medusa from Greek mythology -- ewww!) It is in this form that we often think of the jellyfish, although a jellyfish has a polyp stage too.
The members of phylum Cnidaria have some characteristics that are common to all members of this phylum. Epithelium, mesoglea, and nematocyts, and more. Read p. 356-357 to understand what they are.
If you've ever been stung by a jellyfish, you'll easily understand about nematocysts. I've been stung by one, but it was mild thankfully. I was in the Gulf of Mexico. The waters there are so warm! But where we were, there were plenty of jellyfish. They looked like clearish-white blobs, aimlessly floating around under the surface of the water. We loved the warm water! But didn't stay in long because of the jellyfish. =(
Cnidarians do not all sting because of being touched. Some will only sting because of a chemical reaction.
A jellyfish or a hydra will sting anything they touch. A sea anemone (uh nim' uh nee)will only sting because of a chemical reaction. For this reason, it will not sting a clownfish for example. Remember in Finding Nemo, clownfish would live IN a sea anemone.
Click for a video of nematocysts firing.
(4) p. 342-347, Phylum Annelida
This phylum is made up of worms. There are quite a few kinds of worms, so many in fact, that this phylum is made up of only one type - the segmented worm. A worm that looks as if it is in segments, or little sections. An earthworm is perhaps the most common; at least it's what I think of when I think of a segmented worm. Which I do not think of very often! =)
An earthworm has an anterior end, and a posterior end. The anterior end is where the mouth is, and is usually a little more pointed. The clitellum is located nearer to this end.
The posterior end is where the, um... posterior is located! =D (Look back up at the bilateral symmetry of the crayfish to see "anterior" and "posterior." Also know that "dorsal" fins are on the backs of fish, because "dorsal" means back.)
Just looking at the parts of an earthworm makes one realize there is much more to the earthworm than one might think! Again, I marvel at the Creator and His designs. =)
I could not find a video that goes over the feeding habits of earthworms, or the respiratory, circulatory, and reproductive systems.
So I guess you'll have to study. < gasp! > =D
Writing down your vocabulary words as you go will help a lot.
Here's a video of a close up. You can see the setae, which are little bristles. You may have felt them before. This is what an earthworm uses to help him move.
(7) p. 352b-354, Phylum Nematoda
This phylum is made up of parasites.
The most common name for one parasite is ringworm.
Another is Trichinella spiralis, worms that live in the intestines of pigs and certain other game animals. These can only be gotten rid of by extremely cold or extremely hot temperatures. This is why it is important to practice careful handling of raw meat, and cooking it thoroughly.
In the Old Testament, there were certain laws that may seem drastic to us today. They were not allowed to eat pork, for instance. Leviticus 11:7 says, "And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you."
But these laws were for protection. God knew that people then did not have the means we do today to ensure correct processing of meat.
(8) p. 354b-356, Phylum Mollusca
This phylum contains many organisms besides snails, such as clams, oysters, squid, etc.
Snails are a good example.
Study your textbook for the different parts of a snail, then watch the snail use its radula to eat lettuce.
